REFLEXION

Por encontrarnos viviendo en un mundo globalizado, los profesionales tenemos y debemos mantenernos siempre informados, ello implica sobre todo actualizarse sobre las nuevas tendencias que sobre nuestra área de competencia se refiere, favoreciendo ello la posibilidad de hacernos más competitivos en el mercado laboral, en tal sentido y en el contexto de la materia ”Ingles Instrumental”, la misma nos va o nos ha permitido facilitar lograr con mayor contundencia lo antes comentado, debido a que hemos adquirido una nueva habilidad que nos facilitara decodificar información que en mi caso se hacía un tonto complicada.

Unidad IV

Patrones de Organización de un Párrafo

1- Marcadores de Definición

Economy

A continuación se resalta los marcadores de Definición

An economy consists of the economic system of a country or other area, the labor, capital and land resources, and the economic agents that socially participate in the production, exchange, distribution, and consumption of goods and services of that area. A given economy is the end result of a process that involves its technological evolution, history and social organization, as well as its geography, natural resource endowment, and ecology, as main factors. These factors give context, content, and set the conditions and parameters in which an economy functions.
Today the range of fields of study examining the economy include social sciences such as economics, sociology (economic sociology), history (economic history), anthropology (economic anthropology), and geography (economic geography). Practical fields directly related to the human activities involving production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services as a whole, range from engineering to management and business administration to applied science to finance.
All professions, occupations, economic agents or economic activities, contribute to the economy. Consumption, saving, and investment are core variable components in the economy and determine market equilibrium. There are three main sectors of economic activity: primary, secondary, and tertiary.

Fuente: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy

2.- Marcadores de Tiempo

A continuación se presenta resaltado em amarillo los marcadores de tiempo

Biography

Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856–1915), who believed that his system of scientific management provided the foundations for a scientific ethics, was born in Germantown, Pennsylvania, on March 20. His early education took place in private schools in Pennsylvania, Europe, and New Hampshire, and he was accepted for admission into Harvard University. But fascinated by the relationship among science, technology, and ethics, he decided on an apprenticeship at a steel company in Philadelphia, where, from 1878 to 1884, he advanced from common laborer to a supervisory mechanical engineer. In the process he became familiar with soldiering, when workers, to protect jobs and keep piece-rates high, increased output while bosses were watching and decreased it otherwise. An ardent believer in the Puritan work ethic, Taylor was troubled by this inefficient and unethical behavior, and came to believe that he had a solution not only for the Midvale Steel Company but for institutions throughout the world. He pursued this vision until his death in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 21.

Taylor began by systematically studying machinery and human beings to discover precisely how much a diligent worker, using the best machines and procedures, could produce in a day. For example, his empirical analysis of metal-cutting machinery allowed him to more than double the machine's speed, and by analyzing the machinist's procedures into elementary motions, and timing them with a stop watch, he was able to minimize wasteful motions and optimize beneficial ones. This led to abelief that all tasks, from the lowliest to the highest, could be made more efficient, and the resulting increase in productivity would optimize everyone's compensation and job satisfaction. He argued that a "single best way" existed for accomplishing every task, and that his scientific analysis of human technology interventions achieved an ethical goal: the resolution of the age-old conflict between labor and management.

After Taylor left Midvale in 1890, he spread the gospel of scientific management while occupying a series of positions from Maine to Wisconsin. He lived at a time when many Americans believed science and technology had the solution to many problems of humanity, but also during a time when bitter strikes sometimes resulted in the deaths of workers. Labor leaders and politicians criticized Taylor's claim that his system would end owner-worker hostility and render unions and strikes unnecessary. They pointed out that workers could not be treated in the same way as machines, and that several creative ways existed for accomplishing tasks rather than Taylor's one best way. Others questioned Taylor's yoking of productivity and morality. Taylor emphasized that wise work produced ethical workers, whereas others insisted that human morality motivated hard work.

During the final decades of Taylor's life, his obsession with efficiency deepened. Managers as well as laborers often resented his despotic attempts to change traditional methods of work and management. To those who said that scientific management was antidemocratic, he insisted that his techniques energized workers, promoted their self-reliance, increased their wages, and shortened their work week. To those who said that scientific management was unethical, he emphasized that his methods enhanced fellow feeling among workers and between workers and managers because he promoted true justice by encouraging the maximum efficiency and prosperity of all those involved in his system. But labor leaders and some politicians saw scientific management simply as a tool for maximizing production and profits to the neglect of the emotional and physical health of the workers. For them, Taylor's methods debilitated workers and increased accidents.

Unidad III

Aproximación al Texto

Practica III

Predicción, Deducción y Skimming

                                                                      

Management of Change

Change is not only a reality in organizational management but also a necessity. The current turbulent environment requires that an organization and its members have the ability to undergo dynamic changes to achieve high performance levels and be able to maintain their competitive advantages and value contribution.

To be successful in efforts to manage change, managers must be capable of  recognizing the forces that motivate change. These forces can come from sources that are internal or external to the organization. Sometimes they originate from a combination of both.

Managers are the main change agents in most organizations. Management’s commitment to change must be visible because its behavior will serve as a model for employees. A shared vision of change must be developed that includes participation of the greatest possible number of employees in the planning process. A careful diagnosis and needs analysis must be carried out before proceeding to implement change.
Because resistance to change is an unavoidable fact, management must plan for its occurrence and prepare to manage it. Timely and complete communication on the background and consequences of change, high levels of participation and empathic support will be very useful in helping an organization’s members during the transitional stage. In addition, the organization’s rewards system must be prepared to reinforce new behaviors and to snuff out the old ones. Finally, to effectively meet the goals of change it is also important to carefully select an organizational development technique.

Fuente: http://luistorodupouy.blogspot.com/2010/11/management-of-change.html
Autor: Luis Toro Dupouy

1.- Topico del artículo.

Gerencia del Cambio

2.- Idea General del texto

La adaptación al cambio en las organizaciones para poder mantenerse y garantizar el éxito

3.- Palabras que se repiten

- Change, organizational, organization, management, managers

4.- Palabras parecidas al español

-reality, organizational, necessity, requires, ability, dynamic, competitive, contribution, capable, motivate, internal, external, originate, combination, visible, model, vision, includes, participation, possible, number, planning, process, diagnosis, resistance, occurrence, prepare, complete, communication, consequences, empathic, members, transitional, addition, system, Finally, effectively. 

5.- Palabras en negrita; titulo, subtítulos o gráficos que ayudan a entender en texto

Título: Management of Change  + Imagen

6.- ¿De qué trata el texto?

La importancia de las organizaciones para adaptarse y propiciar los cambios, para el logro de altos rendimientos y ventajas competitivas que agregan valor.
Para ello los gerentes deben ser capaces de impulsar los cambio apoyados en los factores internos y externos de la organización. Adicionalmente los gerentes al dirigir dichos cambios, deben garantizar que los miembros o integrantes de la organización compartan la visión, de allí que los gerentes deberán servir de modelos para los empleados.

 
Ante la posibilidad de la resistencia al cambios los gerentes deberán planificar su aparición y preparar una estrategia tendente a comunicar oportunamente los antecedentes, consecuencias y beneficios a todos los niveles de la organización.

Scanning

Adam Smith (baptised 16 June 1723 – died 17 July 1790 [OS: 5 June 1723 – 17 July 1790]) was a Scottish social philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. It earned him an enormous reputation and would become one of the most influential works on economics ever published. Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.

Smith studied social philosophy at the University of Glasgow and the University of Oxford. After graduating, he delivered a successful series of public lectures at Edinburgh, leading him to collaborate with David Hume during the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith obtained a professorship at Glasgow teaching moral philosophy, and during this time he wrote and published The Theory of Moral Sentiments. In his later life, he took a tutoring position that allowed him to travel throughout Europe, where he met other intellectual leaders of his day. Smith returned home and spent the next ten years writing The Wealth of Nations, publishing it in 1776. He died in 1790.

Fuente: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith
-Seleccione un texto  y escribe 4 preguntas puntuales sobre fechas, sitios, etc) 

¿En qué fecha nació de Adam Smith?

5 June 1723

¿Donde estudió?

University of Glasgow and the University of Oxford

¿En qué año publico La Riqueza de las Naciones?

publishing it in 1776                                 

¿Cuándo murió?

died 17 July 1790

Unidad II

Estructura de la Oración

1.-Selecciona tres oraciones e indica:

–Frase nominal, pre y post modificadores y núcleo

–Frase verbal, núcleo

–Tiempo verbal de la oración

Competitive Intelligence: An International Perspective

Unlike the United States , many countries place a much higher value on competitive intelligence. For example, the Japanese look at competitive intelligence as a basic competency within the organization. Nissan Motors has a library consisting of over 100,000 books, accessible to all employees. The Japanese culture lends itself to competitive intelligence. Reading and studying information from all over the World is a common activity for many Japanese. Public sources of information fuel the Japanese thirst for information and knowledge.

The Chinese are similar to the Japanese. The Chinese are very curious about the outside world. As you might expect, the Chinese Government sponsors several competitive intelligence programs. The real problem for the Chinese is a lack of infrastructure to support competitive intelligence.

France is perhaps one of the best countries for competitive intelligence. The French are very aggressive in learning what the competition is doing. The French Government works hand-in-hand with French companies to collect and gather intelligence. Since the French take competitive intelligence so seriously, it has become a major strategic advantage for the French in the global marketplace.

England is similar to the United States . Competitive intelligence is not taken seriously. Most large businesses have not developed competitive intelligence as a core competency within the organization. However, this is starting to change as more executives recognize the importance that competitive intelligence plays in strategic planning.

Fuente: http://www.exinfm.com/board/international_competitive_intelligence.htm

Unidad I  - Uso del Diccionario

Practica 1

1. Selecciona un texto relacionado con tu area de interes.

What is Intellectual Capital?

For publicly traded companies, capital is raised by issuing debt or equity which in turn is invested into assets. Hopefully these capital investments will earn a rate of return higher than your cost of capital. Capital assets are reported on the Balance Sheet. As the World becomes more and more competitive, the returns generated by assets not reported on the Balance Sheet becomes much more important. And for some organizations, this may represent the single biggest source of value-creation!

One of these hidden assets for creating value is so-called Intellectual Capital . Intellectual Capital (IC) is the intangible stuff that provides your organization with knowledge, strategy, customer service, etc. Internal sources of IC include your people who possess the knowledge and expertise to make your organization work. Internal IC also includes your management information systems, brand names, and copyrights. External IC would represent your loyal customers and suppliers.

IC received widespread attention when Thomas Stewart published his book: Intellectual Capital: The New Wealth of Organizations . As a result, many companies now recognize that value-creation goes outside traditional capital. This intense interest in IC has prompted some companies to create Managers of Intellectual Capital.

Finally, how do you measure IC? Well it's not easy since IC is such a new concept. Measurement of IC can include things like employee qualifications, customer retention rates, and registered copyrights. For now, most companies are focused on measuring the traditional sources of capital. However, in the future Intellectual Capital may become one of the most important components of value-creation. 

Fuente: http://www.exinfm.com/board/intellectual_capital.htm

2.Identifica 3 palabras que no conoces y subrayalo en texto

-Hopefully (hpf-l) adv. con esperanza, 

-hidden  (hdn) vb. oculto,

-measuring (mzhr),n de medición

3. Categorias lexicales: (2 ejemplos por categoria)

• Palabras de contenido: Companies, investments
• Palabras de Función: In, Into
• Sustantivos: issuing, capital
• Verbos: turn,invested
• Adverbio: Publicly,Hopefully
• Adjetivo: raised,  some
• Artículo: the, a
• Preposiciones: For,  by
• Conjunción: than, and
• Cognados verdaderos: reported,organizations
• cognados Falsos: No se encontraron
• Sufijo: Publicly, Hopefully
• Prefijos: Intangible

4. Idea Principal

La incorporación de un nuevo paradigma en las Organizaciones;” El Capital Intelectual”,  el cual debe ser tomado en cuanto dado a que el mismo es sin duda el principal componente para la creación o generación de valor.

5.- Traducción del Artículo

Para las empresas que cotizan en bolsa, el capital se produce mediante la emisión de deuda o capital que a su vez se invierte en activos. Esperando que dicha inversión de capital genere una tasa de rendimiento más alto que su costo de capital. Los bienes de capital se registran en el Balance General. A medida que el mundo se vuelve cada vez más competitivo, los beneficios generados por los activos no declarados en el balance es mucho más importante. Y para algunas organizaciones, esto puede representar la mayor fuente de creación de valor.

Uno de estos activos ocultos para la creación de valor es el llamado Capital Intelectual. Capital Intelectual (CI) es la materia intangible que aporta a las organizaciones el conocimiento, estrategia, servicio al cliente, etc. Las fuentes internas del Capital Intelectual es el conocimiento de su gente y la experiencia para hacer el trabajo en su organización. El Capital Intelectual interno también incluye los sistemas de información de gestión, marcas y derechos de autor. El Capital Intelectual Externo representaría a sus clientes leales y proveedores.

El Capital Intelectual ha recibido una amplia atención cuando Thomas Stewart publicó su libro: Capital Intelectual: La Nueva Riqueza de las Organizaciones. Como resultado, muchas empresas reconocen que la creación de valor va fuera del capital tradicional. Este intenso interés en el Capital Intelectual ha llevado a algunas compañías a crear gestores de Capital Intelectual.

Por último, ¿cómo se mide el CI? Bueno, no es fácil, ya que el CI es un concepto nuevo. La Medición del CI puede incluir cosas como la cualificación del personal, las tasas de retención de clientes, y derechos de autor registrados. Por ahora, la mayoría de las empresas se centran en la medición de las fuentes tradicionales de capital. Sin embargo, en el futuro el capital intelectual puede convertirse en uno de los componentes más importantes para la creación de valor.